| review by STINE JENSEN |
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| VAN DIJCK |
| (JOSÉ VAN DIJCK) Imagenation: Popular Images of Genetics Macmillian Press New Hampshire & London 1998 ISBN 0814787975 English text 270 pp $ 18.50 (paperback) review by STINE JENSEN |
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Cloning: a dream or a nightmare? Dolly or Adolf? Anyone who ponders the future of cloning soon runs into this century's most hackneyed nightmare vision: an army of cloned little Hitlers. With his novel The Boys from Brazil (1976), Ira Levin anticipated this doom scenario. His novel's protagonist, Liebermann, discovers that infamous concentration camp doctor
Josef Mengele has succeeded in getting his hands on some of Hitler's
tissue. In his laboratory, Dr. Mengele makes 49 clones of the Nazi leader, clones which he then has adopted by couples in Brazil. These couples have the exact same profile as Hitler's parents did: an overprotective mother and an authoritarian father who dies at an early age. Thanks to Liebermann's efforts, the scheme is thwarted just in the nick of time. The moral of the story is that you need more than just an exact reproduction of the circumstances of someone's life in order to have a new Holocaust. The historical and ideological circumstances play just as significant a role. Yet Levin warns us nonetheless: in the hands of a madman, danger is lying in wait. This novel is one of the many stories Van Dijck discusses. Not only popular scientific texts figure into her book on the popularization of genetics, but novels, journalistic texts, films, advertisements and documentaries do as well. Van Dijck considers these media to be important factors in popularizing science. Yet they don't just passively index for the layman what genetics is all about, as is often presumed in discussions regarding the popularization of science; instead, they actively structure the public scientific debate. The works can even be so powerful that they actually begin to play a role as consistently recurring arguments in the discussion on the future of science and technology, such as Huxley's novel Brave New World, Marry Shelley's creation Frankenstein, and Levin's army of little Hitlers in The Boys from Brazil. The most important message of Van Dijck's book is that scientific researchers should pay more attention to films, science fiction and journalism, even if only because most people don't stay informed of the newest scientific developments via Nature or Science, but they do flock en masse to Jurassic Park. According to Van Dijck, products of popular culture not only reflect ideas about science and technology but construct them as well, and are therefore important participants in the debate surrounding technology and science. In her view, it's an issue of mutual shaping of science and culture. |
| Van Dijck chronologically discusses four important revolutions in the ideas regarding genetics. The first period was the introduction of the 'new' biology in the fifties and sixties, while the second was the DNA debate of the seventies. This was followed by the advance of biotechnology in the eighties, with the fourth shift being the initiation and implementation of the Human Genome Project in the nineties. These four periods mark important upheavals in the history of genetics. Van Dijck thereby subscribes to the notion that the development of a scientific field and the role of popularization within it can best be studied in times of controversy. But unlike most other studies, Van Dijck does not trace the development via a series of important discoveries,
such as that of DNA's structure by Watson and Crick in 1953, but rather via a series of images that conflict with one another. Van Dijck asks the following questions: what images appear, disappear and reappear in genetics? What yearnings and fears do they articulate? Who creates these images, and who are they meant for? Why do some images become popular? How does the popular representation relate to the scientific representation? If we look at Van Dijck's analyses in the rest of her book, two major aspects are highlighted: metaphors and actors. Metaphors are used by specific groups, consciously or otherwise, to describe new developments, or sometimes even to foil them. In the fifties and sixties, for example, the metaphors of the gene as 'language' and 'code' enjoyed their heyday, under the guise of the 'new' biology. To a certain degree, these practical-sounding metaphors were employed by scientists themselves in order to shake off the yoke of eugenics. And in the seventies, environmental activists postulated the image of the monstrous microbe, a 'bug' that might escape from the laboratory and harm the environment. The most well-known and influential metaphor from the seventies may well be Dawkins' idea of the 'selfish gene'. Van Dijck comprehensively investigates the role of journalists in either advancing or thwarting this powerful metaphor. Journalists then began to play an increasingly important role in the debate; they were no longer the chroniclers of science, but had now became the eyes and ears of the public. Many journalists modeled themselves after the film All the President's Men, a depiction of the Watergate scandal, which was unmasked by journalists. It is precisely journalists who can make or break an idea, and both politicians and scientists began to feel more and more obligated to cede responsibility to them. Scientists even became dependent on journalism for bringing about the acceptance and dissemination of new scientific ideas. In every chapter, Van Dijck also discusses a science fiction novel alongside journalism. Novels by authors including Richard Powers, Amy Thomson and Octavia Butler can, according to Van Dijck, be read as stories in which future scenarios about science and technology are elaborated upon. In Amy Thomson's novel Virtual Girl, for example, we meet Maggie, a computer program which is also given a body by means of ingenious technology. Maggie then tries to learn the feminine characteristics her designer believes 'fit' her body and which are 'programmed' in her genes. When she loses her creator, Maggie has to further develop the gender-specific characteristics on her own, and she finds it difficult to fulfill the characteristics she has been 'genetically' assigned. In Van Dijck's view, Maggi's story connects seamlessly to some people's nightmare image that people could potentially be reduced to their genetic substance, and with Virtual Girl, Thomson emphasizes that identity is not fixed. Although Thomson stirs up the discussion on genetic manipulation, Van Dijck's doesn't think she manages to escape the snare of traditional metaphors, such as that of the computer, or the snare of an either/or mindset: genetic manipulation is either good or bad, with nothing in between. One of Van Dijck's most important and interesting observations is that as technology develops further, its popular representations often remain rigid and undergo few changes. What's of note in the current representations is that they still make use of old metaphors. In articles, films and novels about the Human Genome Project, the rehashed metaphor of the map surfaces again and again and, according to Van Dijck, this doesn't do justice to the complexity of the developments within genetics. On the last page of her book, she calls upon all of her readers to be creative, to invent new images and metaphors, to appeal to our powers of imagination and actively participate in the scientific debate. Van Dijck's entreaty here strongly recalls Haraway's in Modest_Witness@Second _Millennium. FemaleMan© Meets_OncoMouse Feminism and Technoscience (1997). In this book, Haraway proposes that we are all witnesses to our information society, and that we are responsible for the stories that are told about who we want to be. If we don't like the stories, we can try to intervene with new ones. The all too optimistic maxim of both Haraway and Van Dijck seems to be that if you come up with a nice metaphor or a new story, the world will change along with you:
he process of image-making is far more democratic than the process of the scientific production(p. 198), |
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